Protesters opposed to the government’s austerity programme and demanding a general election marched through the centre of the capital before rallying in Trafalgar Square.
They included two French activists involved in the demonstrations sweeping France since mid-November who were invited by the organisers of the British event.
"We are here in support," said Erick Simon, 61, one of the duo.
"I think that the yellow vest movement in France is the same as the one that is growing in England... people are fed up with poverty, injustice and social and financial injustice."
The French protests began in mid-November over a proposed increase in fuel duties, and soon turned violent.
The leaderless movement appeared to be petering out at the end of 2018 but has since regained momentum, with weekly clashes seen in Paris and other French cities.
Britain has seen several small protests by Brexit supporters wearing yellow vests since November, but other activists have been slow to adopt the symbolic attire and movement.
‘The UK is falling apart’
Saturday’s event, organised by the left-wing "People’s Assembly" group, saw mainstream opposition lawmakers join forces with several unions and other organisations focused on causes ranging from refugees to racism.
Addressing the crowd in Trafalgar Square, Labour’s shadow finance minister John McDonnell said eight years of austerity under the ruling Conservatives was "tearing apart the very social fabric" of Britain.
"We need a general election now to bring about the fairer, more equal society we all want to live in," he said.
Retired teacher Stephen Hamer, 59, clad in a yellow vest, said the London protest would likely have occurred without the movement in France, but it had "helped things along".
"I think we need a change in government very urgently," he added. "The UK is falling apart -- nothing works anymore."
Delia Hazrati, a health worker in her 50s who had travelled from Kent in southeast England in a yellow vest, told AFP the left in Britain needed to "reclaim" the movement there.
"It’s a movement against austerity laws -- that’s what it’s about," she added, noting right-wingers had been "opportunistic" in adopting it.
A separate demonstration by dozens of Brexit supporters wearing yellow vests also took place in central London on Saturday.
At the outset, police arrested one of the organisers on suspicion of a public order offence.
It reportedly related to a controversial incident outside parliament on Monday, when a group harangued pro-EU figures, including chanting "Nazi" at prominent Remain supporting MP Anna Soubry during live TV interviews.
Ahead of Saturday’s protests Nick Lowles, CEO of the anti-racism group "Hope Not Hate" accused Britain’s far-right of "attempting to copy the French ‘yellow vests’ protests in order to stir up trouble and harass, threaten and attack their political opponents."
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